From the answer alone, the machine can't report which pair of numbers acted as input. At the same time, the machine loses information about the input since not only 2+2 but also 3+1 (and other pairs of numbers) can produce the same output.
If a person inputs "2+2" into a calculator and then hits "enter," the computer outputs the answer-4. "Computing systems are designed specifically to lose information about their past as they evolve," says Wolpert. Their latest exploration of the topic, published in Physical Review E, looks at applying these ideas to a wide range of classical and quantum areas, including quantum thermodynamics. The thermodynamics of computation is a research focus of physicist and SFI resident faculty member David Wolpert, and for the last few years he's been collaborating with Artemy Kolchinsky, physicist and former SFI postdoctoral fellow, to better understand the connection between thermodynamics and information processing in computation.
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